Patrick Kline

Working Papers and Forthcoming

• Public Perceptions of Discrimination at Large Firms (with Evan Rose and Chris Walters). BFI Working Paper 2026-123.
• Repairing Locally Misspecified GMM: An Empirical Bayes Approach. 2026 Sargan Lecture.
  Slides Video of talk Replication archive
• Branching Fixed Effects: A Proposal for Communicating Uncertainty. Forthcoming in Advances in Economics and Econometrics, Vol. 3.
  NBER version Slides Tree packing notebook Matlab code for analysis Video of talk

Published Work

Firms and Labor Market Inequality

• Labor Market Monopsony: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 6 (2025), pp. 655–728.
  Slides
  Nontechnical summary: RFBerlin interview (July 2024)
• Firm Wage Effects. Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 5 (2024), pp. 115–181.
• It Ain’t Where You’re From, It’s Where You’re At: Hiring Origins, Firm Heterogeneity, and Wages (with Sabrina Di Addario, Raffaele Saggio, and Mikkel Sølvsten). Journal of Econometrics, 232 (April 2023), pp. 340–374. Winner of the 2025 Aigner Award.
  Slides Replication archive
• Who Profits from Patents? Rent Sharing at Innovative Firms (with Neviana Petkova, Heidi Williams, and Owen Zidar). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134 (August 2019), pp. 1343–1404.
  Online appendix Slides Corrigendum
  Nontechnical summary: Microeconomic Insights
• Firms and Labor Market Inequality: Evidence and Some Theory (with David Card, Ana Rute Cardoso, and Joerg Heining). Journal of Labor Economics, 36 (January 2018), pp. S13–S70.
  Replication code Slides (from early draft)
• Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap: Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women (with David Card and Ana Rute Cardoso). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131 (May 2016), pp. 633–686.
  Slides Replication code
  Nontechnical summary: Microeconomic Insights
• Workplace Heterogeneity and the Rise of West German Wage Inequality (with David Card and Joerg Heining). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128 (August 2013), pp. 967–1015.
  NBER version Replication code Online appendix Slides

Discrimination and Homophily

• A Discrimination Report Card (with Evan Rose and Chris Walters). American Economic Review, 114 (August 2024), pp. 2472–2525.
  Slides DRrank (GitHub) Replication archive
  Further background: New York Times Explore interactively
• Systemic Discrimination Among Large U.S. Employers (with Evan Rose and Chris Walters). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 137 (November 2022), pp. 1963–2036.
  Slides Replication archive Video of talk
  Nontechnical summaries: Econimate video Marketplace BFI
  Further background: New York Times Here & Now J-PAL North America
• Adaptive Correspondence Experiments (with Hadar Avivi, Evan Rose, and Chris Walters). AEA Papers and Proceedings, 111 (May 2021), pp. 43–48.
  Slides NBER version (with appendix figures) Replication archive Video of ASSA session
• Reasonable Doubt: Experimental Detection of Job-Level Employment Discrimination (with Chris Walters). Econometrica, 89 (March 2021), pp. 765–792.
  Slides Prior version Replication archive
  Further background: The Weeds podcast, Vox (September 2019), from 42:39
• Relational Costs and the Production of Social Capital: Evidence from Carpooling (with Kerwin Charles). Economic Journal, 116 (April 2006), pp. 581–604.

Place-Based Policies and Spatial Inequality

• Place-Based Redistribution (with Cécile Gaubert, Danny Yagan, and Damián Vergara). American Economic Review, 115 (October 2025), pp. 3415–3450.
  Slides
• Trends in U.S. Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty (with Cécile Gaubert, Danny Yagan, and Damián Vergara). AEA Papers and Proceedings, 111 (May 2021), pp. 520–525.
  Slides Replication archive
• Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States (with Raj Chetty, Nathan Hendren, and Emmanuel Saez). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (November 2014), pp. 1553–1623.
  Data
• People, Places, and Public Policy: Some Simple Welfare Economics of Local Economic Development Policies (with Enrico Moretti). Annual Review of Economics, 6 (August 2014), pp. 629–662.
• Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility (with Raj Chetty, Nathan Hendren, Emmanuel Saez, and Nick Turner). American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 104 (May 2014), pp. 141–147.
  NBER version Data
  Nontechnical summary: Pathways
• Local Economic Development, Agglomeration Economies, and the Big Push: 100 Years of Evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority (with Enrico Moretti). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (February 2014), pp. 275–331.
  Replication archive
• Place Based Policies with Unemployment (with Enrico Moretti). American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 103 (May 2013), pp. 238–243.
  NBER version (longer and more complete)
• Assessing the Incidence and Efficiency of a Prominent Place Based Policy (with Matias Busso and Jesse Gregory). American Economic Review, 103 (April 2013), pp. 897–947.
  Supplemental appendix Replication archive
  Nontechnical summary: Focus
• Place Based Policies, Heterogeneity, and Agglomeration. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 100 (May 2010), pp. 383–387.
  Note: the published version contains some typos.

Econometrics

• Adapting to Misspecification (with Tim Armstrong and Sophie Sun). Econometrica, 93 (November 2025), pp. 1981–2005.
  Slides Online appendix MissAdapt (GitHub) Shiny app
• A Comment on “Invidious Comparisons: Rankings and Selection as Compound Decisions” by Jiaying Gu and Roger Koenker. Econometrica, 91 (January 2023), pp. 47–52.
• Leave Out Estimation of Variance Components (with Raffaele Saggio and Mikkel Sølvsten). Econometrica, 88 (September 2020), pp. 1859–1898.
  Slides Supplementary appendix Computational appendix and replication code NBER version
  Automated package: LeaveOutTwoWay (GitHub) Vignette
• On Heckits, LATE, and Numerical Equivalence (with Chris Walters). Econometrica, 87 (March 2019), pp. 677–696.
  Online appendix
• A Note on Variance Estimation for the Oaxaca Estimator of Average Treatment Effects. Economics Letters, 122 (March 2014), pp. 428–431.
  Replication code
• Sensitivity to Missing Data Assumptions: Theory and an Evaluation of the U.S. Wage Structure (with Andres Santos). Quantitative Economics, 4 (July 2013), pp. 231–267.
  Appendices (journal site) Replication archive Slides
• Higher Order Properties of the Wild Bootstrap under Misspecification (with Andres Santos). Journal of Econometrics, 171 (November 2012), pp. 54–70.
  Replication code
• A Score Based Approach to Wild Bootstrap Inference (with Andres Santos). Journal of Econometric Methods, 1 (August 2012), pp. 23–41.
  Replication code David Roodman’s Stata implementation
• Oaxaca-Blinder as a Reweighting Estimator. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 101 (May 2011), pp. 532–537.
  Replication archive Slides

Program Evaluation

• Evaluating Public Programs with Close Substitutes: The Case of Head Start (with Chris Walters). Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131 (November 2016), pp. 1795–1848.
  Appendix Slides Corrigendum
• Bounding the Labor Supply Responses to a Randomized Welfare Experiment: A Revealed Preference Approach (with Melissa Tartari). American Economic Review, 106 (April 2016), pp. 972–1014.
  Appendix Slides Replication code Video of talk
  Nontechnical summary: Microeconomic Insights
• The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws on Arrests of Youth and Adults. American Law and Economics Review, 14 (Spring 2012), pp. 44–67.

Moldy Oldies

• Understanding Sectoral Labor Market Dynamics: An Equilibrium Analysis of the U.S. Oil and Gas Field Services Industry.

Software

• LeaveOutTwoWay: leave-out estimation of variance components in two-way fixed effects models, from Kline, Saggio, and Sølvsten (2020).
  Vignette
• DRrank: ranking and grading from noisy estimates, from Kline, Rose, and Walters (2024).
• MissAdapt: estimators that adapt to potential misspecification, from Armstrong, Kline, and Sun (2025).
  Shiny app

Public Lectures and Panels

• Reflections on the Future of Econometrics. Panel with Susan Athey, Melissa Dell, Bruce Hansen, Serena Ng, and Frank Schorfheide. Chamberlain Seminar, March 2026.
• Labor and Applied Econometrics (with Chris Walters). AEA Continuing Education course, January 2021. Ten recorded lectures with slides.